They had been briefed to this effect by Herbert Gladstone, very much against his father's knowledge or approval. The Easter Rising resulted in parts of Dublin city centre, including the General Post Office, being reduced to ruins, and 157 British soldiers, 82 rebels and over 200 civilians being killed.
Six years later, a statue of O'Brien was unveiled in O'Connell Street, Dublin, by John Martin, another Young Irelander who had been imprisoned with him in Tasmania, and who was himself to be elected an MP in 1871.
Division meant that Unionists in the South and nationalists in the North would have to be sacrificed, but pragmatism dictated this compromise. The Ulster plantation was a novel form of social engineering that soon created social dynamics and population movements that were certainly not predicted. The price, however, would be some inevitable curtailing of the sacred rights of property, and thus a revolutionary step in anyone's eyes. There was a brief skirmish but, with almost no ammunition left, the rebels stood no chance of preventing the siege of the farmhouse being lifted and they melted away into the surrounding countryside, taking with them the hopes of the Young Ireland movement.
It was not until the reign of Elizabeth Tudor that the divisions between Catholicism and Protestantism took on a strategic dimension which would have its own consequences for England's relationship with Ireland. Thereafter events moved unsurprisingly. After gaining an overwhelming majority in Ireland (always excepting the north-east), Sinn Fein proceeded to establish its own parliament and government.
Once enacted in 1869, all parties agreed on the success of the legislation.
It was also a fact that the Tories would be far better placed to get it through the House of Lords. Nothing was announced, however, before the administration fell in June 1885 and Lord Salisbury formed a minority government. The situation quickened in 1885 and there is clear proof from the diaries that Gladstone was brooding on varieties of devolution.
In his priggish youth, as 'the rising hope of those stern and unbending Tories', he had defended the absolute position of the Anglican church in Ireland.
None of the policemen had been killed, no significant damage had been done to property and it was easily dismissed as a trivial episode of rural unrest. The 'Short Parliament' in England collapsed quickly amid great acrimony but the desperate Charles needed money and so he recalled what would later be called the 'Long Parliament' that same year. In principle, they wished to reform the institutions whilst promoting the tolerance and inclusion of Catholicism.
An innovation in the system saw 'Undertakers' appointed who 'undertook' to find English and Welsh tenants to 'plant' in the confiscated lands.
This plantation was given to the Earl of Essex and Sir Thomas Smith to settle and pacify. This process he now turned on Ireland. Yet within ten years, Gladstone was to produce one of the most dramatic upheavals in Victorian politics, when he converted to Home Rule for Ireland. Despite the unsuccessful attempts at earlier plantations, she agreed to a new plantation in Munster on lands confiscated from the rebellious Earl of Desmond.
The majority of the incomers, but by no means all, were Protestants.
He spent the next few years trying to increase support for the Irish cause in Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Inevitably such would mean a denial of Republican status - the holy grail for which the men of 1916 had fought and died. The Anti-Treaty forces split, and the majority, led by de Valera, entered constitutional politics in 1926 as a new party, Fianna Fail, leaving the purist republican rump behind as '. This oath was designed locally by hard line Protestants to replace the offending Royalist 'Black Oath' from 1639. When the Nine Years War broke out many of the English settlers had to flee to the closest walled towns for protection and saw their lands over-run with barely a fight. He reissued and formally acknowledged aristocratic titles to all those who pledged allegiance to him.
Documents from 1611 referred to these recently arrived English and Scottish settlers as 'British' for the very first time in official correspondence - predating the Act of Union by nearly a century. However, the divisions amongst the Protestants of the era meant that there was no unified religion even amongst these settlers. The catholic church was allowed greater control over education. This Joint Stock Company was known as the Irish Society and lots of 3,000 acres were to be allocated to people chosen by the 12 guilds of London in and around Coleraine and Derry (renamed as Londonderry).
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