He said it was also possible the isotope might have been carried over in the fallout from the Castle Bravo detonation — or subsequent tests — in Bikini.Steven Simon, who is now with the National Cancer Institute but Hughes said he cited two of Simon’s studies — though not all 60 — and noted that although Simon and his team gathered their own data, they relied heavily on U.S. data and reports, making their work suspect in the eyes of the Marshallese.The comparisons in the studies being released Monday — including findings that plutonium levels in parts of the Marshall Islands are 15 to 1,000 times higher to those sampled near the Chernobyl and Fukushima power plants — are sure to raise eyebrows.But the study’s authors note there’s one big difference between the Marshall Islands and other high-profile contaminated sites. Although the United States conducted only 6% of its nuclear-bomb testing here, the detonations and mushroom clouds generated more than half of the total energy yield from all U.S. testing.The most massive was the Castle Bravo bomb. Emlyn Hughes is the leader of the scientific expedition.Giant coconut crabs are a delicacy in the Marshall Islands. In this Feb. 18, 2019, file photo, an employee of Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) is shown wearing a protective suit and mask inside a radiation filtering Advanced Liquid Processing Systems at tsunami-crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.The 'New Safe Confinement' at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shown on July 2, 2019, in Pripyat, Ukraine. Now, some want the city to atone for its actions. The U.S. Department of Energy has disclosed high levels of radiation in giant clams, approximately a foot long in a lagoon near the Runit Dome, where the U.S. entombed radioactive waster.

In this May 27, 2019, file image, a giant clam in the waters of Runit Island, Marshall Islands is shown.

The U.S. Department of Energy has disclosed high levels of radiation in giant clams off Runit Island, where the U.S. entombed radioactive waste.Columbia physics professor Emlyn Hughes, right, and Barnard student Gemma Sahwell, left, take soil samples with a hand-held gamma ray detector on Naen Island.

The

The closer one gets to the ground, the higher the radiation levels. Those in Rongelap and Utirik — more than a hundred miles from the testing sites — were removed three days after they were showered by fallout from Castle Bravo.The fallout, which some islanders mistook for snow, caused skin burns, hair loss, nausea and, eventually, cancer in many of the people exposed.Since then, Marshallese have generally distrusted the U.S. government’s assurances of safety. But it’s unclear whether he has the power to do so.Trump’s payroll tax deferral is a mortal threat to Social Security.Officials say the inactive Allenco drilling site near USC continues to pose a potential risk to public health and safety.The lawsuit is the latest attempt by Southern California Gas to shield itself against efforts to phase out natural gas.California may soon pass a law to ban the import of “trophy” animal parts from Africa. At the time, there were no inhabitants on the remote island other than members of the military and contractors, Lofaso said. ... Scientists don't know if the dome's radiation levels are harmful. authorities relocated people living on Enewetak and Bikini, where the testing took place, in the late 1940s.

In both instances, the people were re-evacuated.For years the U.S. government, with technological help from the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has worked to reduce radiation on Rongelap Island — removing soil from around the village and applying potassium to areas where food is grown, which works to prevent plants from taking up radiation.People can be exposed to radiation by inhaling dust or drinking contaminated water, but studies have found that food is the primary way Marshall Islanders are exposed to radiation — even if background and soil radiation are relatively low.In 1992, the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands entered into a memorandum of understanding that stipulated Rongelap Atoll, which was evacuated in 1954 and again in 1985, could only be resettled when radiation exposure levels — all sources of exposure — fell below 100 millirem per year. The U.S. Department of Energy has disclosed high levels of radiation in giant clams in a lagoon near the Runit Dome, where the U.S. entombed radioactive waste. To be able to compare studies across time and space, researchers must follow the same protocol so they can directly compare results.“It is not clear that this was done,” he said, adding that the manufacturer of the devices used by the Columbia team — the Ludlum detector system — has noted chronic overestimation of radiation at low levels.Hughes said the team held the devices at 1 meter, and Nikolic Hughes noted extreme variation in their observations.“Consistent overestimates would not have produced the patterns that we see,” she said.Hamilton also disputed the team’s hypothesis about how plutonium-238 was detected during sampling of Naen.He suggested their sample might have been contaminated during analysis.

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